Lithium And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder - 1820 Words

Lithium in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a serious illness that can upset a person’s entire life if they do not receive proper medical or therapeutic treatment to manage the presenting symptoms. Bipolar disorder includes an array of moods that can range from extreme highs (mania, hypomania) and extreme lows (bipolar depression) that can be treated by medication. One medication that works well in treating the highs and lows, while preventing further mood upsets is lithium. Lithium has effectively treated mood instability associated with bipolar disorder for decades and, while being such a widely used drug, the positive and negative side effects have to be examined, along with other medication options in the†¦show more content†¦Because these mood changes or episodes can be drastic enough to need medical intervention or treatment they can have a large impact on the person’s day to day living, often times upsetting normal routine and intera ction. For some people with bipolar disorder a routine is an essential part of their day to day life, therefore an upset of routine because of an episode may worsen the episode or increase the likelihood of it happening again. If a person with bipolar does not have the ability to cope or the medical intervention in the illness the problems that can arise from relapsing include employment difficulties, marriage problems, alcohol or drug abuse, and a higher risk of suicide than the general population (Dinan, 2002). People with bipolar disorder face a suicide rate that is around three times as high as the general population (Oral, 2014) due to factors that their disorder present. These contributing factors include, but are not limited to: â€Å"early age at disease onset, the high number of depressive episodes, comorbid alcohol abuse, a history of antidepressant-induced mania, and traits of hostility and impulsivity† (Sobel, 2012). People may feel a loss of control in their life or illness because of these factors or vice versa. Around 10-20% of people with bipolar disorder commit suicide (Dinan, 2002), which makes the illness

Liberty University Sample Book Review Chhi 520 Essay

How Africa Shaped the Christian Mind: Rediscovering the African Seedbed of Western Christianity By Thomas C. Oden Downers Grove, Ill: Intervarsity Press, 2008, 204 pp, $ 19.00 hardcover. Thomas Oden, an accomplished scholar in systematic and historical theology, and retired professor at Drew University, has offered a compelling and positively provocative work in How Africa Shaped the Christian Mind. A work of scholarly repentance, he ably repudiates the posture of western theologians and historians (i.e. Harnack, Bauer, Schleiermacher) toward Africa’s theological legacy (pp. 57-59). His present work is the fruit of thirty years of reading the early African fathers, and in the last fourteen, he has served as the general editor of the†¦show more content†¦In chapter six, â€Å"The Opportunity for Retrieval,† Oden confronts the postEnlightenment worldview and hermeneutics of suspicion that has effectively diminished Africa’s theological heritage. Chapter se ven, â€Å"How the Blood of the Martyrs Became the Seed of European Christianity,† proposes Africa’s history of martyrdom and the exodus event as alternatives to a Christian view of history marked by power. In chapter eight, â€Å"Right Remembering,† Oden asserts that orthodoxy is not a prize awarded to theological victors, but rather the fruit of correctly remembering the apostles’ teachings. In chapter nine, â€Å"Seeking the Reconciliation of Christianity and Islam Through Historical Insight,† he makes a case for the risky but necessary endeavor of engaging African Muslims in dialogue over their Christian heritage. In the appendix, Oden moves from being a scholar to an activist, laying out a strategic plan to implement his vision for recovering Africa’s theological legacy, which includes the website www.earlyafricanchristianity.com, and the Journal of African Christianity. The book concludes with a helpful â€Å"Literary Chronology of Ch ristianity in the First Millenium,† including key personalities, writings, and movements in the period. Perhaps the most relevant set of works to How Africa Shaped the Christian Mind is Oden’s own Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. Western theological hegemony has also been

Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) Practices - 1053 Words

Introduction The importance of this assignment goes beyond the mere academic scope at hand. As future globalized managers, our role is not only to familiarize ourselves with a list of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices, but to develop a critical and rational mind-set to analyse how these practices and policies affect intrinsically the competitive advantage of firms (Huselid, 1995), and how they can foster performance, development and commitment of our most irreplaceable asset, human resources (Wright, et al, 2003). The challenge of examining Human Resource Management (HRM) practices across countries provides further understanding of cultural and country specific factors shaping the dynamics of HRM strategies (Budhwar and Khatri,†¦show more content†¦India has certainly gained a name by itself: it is one of the building blocks behind the term BRICs (O’Neill, 2001), which defines the current most powerful emerging economies. Its real GPD is expected to grow at a rate of 6.4% and 7% in 2015 and 2016 respectively; contrasting with the United Kingdom ´s expected growth rate of 2.9% and 2.6% in 2015 and 2016 respectively (World Bank, 2015). Another term, reverse colonization, has also being coined to refer to economies, such as India, to describe the rise and growing presence of previously emerging economies into the west (Jones, 2012 ; Banerjee, 2009 ). In the human resource field, Samir Chatterjee claims that if India continues its yearly inclusion rate of new labour force, it could be adding 250 million workers by 2020. At the same time, India could face problems of jobs availability, due to an increasing imbalance of a rapidly growing labour pool, versus slow job creations (Tiwari, 2013) . Thus, the study of HRM practices in India presents itself as a necessary venture in light of its contemporary dynamics. Where do they come from? 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Intersciencebv Case Analysis free essay sample

INTERSCIENCE, B. V. : SEEKING A NEW MARKET FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPH| B2B Marketing Case Analysis| Submited To: Prof. S. Garimella Dated: 18th July 2010 Submitted by: Aditi Sharma Amandeep Singh Ashwini Sinha Divay Makkad Prashant Akhawat IMI| INTERSCIENCE, B. V. : SEEKING A NEW MARKET FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPH| Contents 1. Introduction3 2. Markets for gas chromatograph3 3. Players in the contract laboratory market and the price war4 4. Business Model of Agilent and Varian4 5. Business Model of Thermo-Finnigan5 6. Issues5 Q1. What are the tradeoffs for Interscience in using geography versus application as a basis for market segmentation? 6 Q2. What is the value of the TRACE GC versus the Varian 3800 for the contract laboratory market in Benelux? 7 Q2B. What is the incremental value of the proposed One-Day Emergency Response Guarantee for the Trace GC? 11 Question 3: Which Market should Interscience target and what should its positioning of the Trace GC be? What, specifically, is the value proposition for the Trace GC in the selected market? 14 1. Introduction The case pertains to Interscience B. V, Netherlands-based, 25 year-old, scientific equipment reseller company. Interscience is an exclusive marketer of gas chromatographs manufactured by US firm Thermo Finnigan. Gas chromatographs are used for testing chemical contamination by the contract laboratories. The equipment has other high end usage in the RD laboratories particularly for new product development. The contract laboratories perform various tests such as water, soil and air for companies, institutions and government. Recent environmental legislations across Europe have propelled the demand for such testing and in effect the contract laboratories are growing very fast. However, when it comes to purchasing gas chromatographs, contract labs are extremely price sensitive. 2. Markets for gas chromatograph Gas chromatograph is purchased by the following two kinds 3. Players in the contract laboratory market and the price war S. No. | Company| Country of origin| Operations in Europe| Strategy| Average Selling Price | price bandwidth| 1| Agilent| North America| Company has an office| Produce and sell basic models to contract laboratories| Euro 40,000| (+_3%)| 2| Varian| North America| Company has an office| Produce and sell basic models to contract laboratories| Euro 40,000| (+_3%)| 3| Thermo Finnigan| North America| Market through trading company eg Interscience| | Euro 45,000| | . Business Model of Agilent and Varian 5. Business Model of Thermo-Finnigan VAS provided by Interscience 6. Issues Interscience is planning to enter the contract laboratory market in the Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg (Benelux) region for growth in the sales of gas chromatographs. Q1. What are the tradeoffs for Interscience in using geography versus application as a basis for market segmentation? There is i ntense competition in the contract laboratory market. The product has been reduced to commodity. Price is the main determinant of sealing a deal with the customers As per fact given in the case the different geographical locations targeted were: a) Belgium – Netherlands- Luxembourg (Benelux) region of Europe for Contact Lab b) Ruhr-Rhine Region in Germany for RD In Benelux region Gas Chromatographs was more treated as Commodity products thus selling in this market will require Interscience to craft a persuasive value proposition. This region was dominated by two North American firms i. e. Agilent (a spin-0ff of Hewlett Packard) and Varian which used to sell no frills equipment at low prices and thrived on customer preferences. The current price of Gas chromatographs was â‚ ¬ 40000 ( + 3%) whereas the lowest price model of Interscience was â‚ ¬ 45000 which is 10% more than the available gas chromatographs. Though Interscience Chromatographs had lot many VAS but were of least importance for the customers in Benelux region. In Ruhr-Rhine Region of Germany there is great opportunity and potential in RD for interscience. Some of the major benefits derived are * Sales and profit potential is roughly equivalent to Contract Market of benelux. The Ruhr–Rhine region was in close geographical proximity to Interscience’s area of operations. * RD leveraged highly on core competencies of Interscience where it had successfully proven. Challenges in Ruhr Rhine region * Selling in the RD market will require reinventing the selling approach * The market has potential, but with given resources, Interscience cannot pursue both the markets * There are already 15 local players fighting out in this s egment for the last 30 years Market characteristic: nationalistic and loyal German marketplace. Q2. What is the value of the TRACE GC versus the Varian 3800 for the contract laboratory market in Benelux? VALUE ELEMENTS – Product and Service Advantages of TRACE GC Patented Technology| How does a contract laboratory customer look at these values| Remarks of contract laboratory customer| Cold-on-column injection system| X| Column injection system is not a requirement as we are not into testing pharmaceuticals. We are testing soil and water samples. Maintaining sample integrity is not a significant concern for us. Sample integrity is maintained. Risk of thermal degradation of the sample is avoided. | X| | Test discrimination is enhanced| X| | Use of volatile solvents is possible| X| | Contamination from external sources is checked| X| | Customization Capabilities| | | Specialized detectors which can detect leakages, thermal conductivity, electron capture, and photo ionization| X| Product customization is desirable, not essential. | Thermal desorption system | X| | Variety of capillary column sizes| X| | Analytical software etc| X| | Education Training| | | Free On-site training| X| We conduct basic test for which no further training required. | Free Customer training at its own facility| X| | Online and Printed literature, Newsletter etc| X| | Customer Care| | | 24X7 telephone helpdesk| * | Willing to pay extra, if it can demonstrate that it can lower the operation costs or increase revenues and profits| Maintenance Services | | | Scheduled preventive maintenance (03 onsite calls per year and onsite emergency repairs guaranteed within 02 working days | * | Willing to pay extra, if it can demonstrate that it can lower the operation costs or increase revenues and profits| Consulting services| | | Analytical process designParts and consumables ordering and inventory management Cost managementGeneral business consulting advice| X| | Brand awareness| Low| Brand awareness of Interscience is lower than that of Varian 3800| Aesthetics| X| Is not a concern amongst lab technicians| Points of parity Parametres| TRACE GC| Varian 3800| Variety of tests performed| Equivalent| Equivalent| Reliability| Equivalent| Equivalent| Precision | Equivalent| Equivalent| Accuracy| Equivalent| Equivalent| Durability| Equivalent| Equivalent| Result reproducibility| Equivalent| Equivalent| Rate of system failure and breakdowns| Equivalent| Equivalent| Useful life| Equivalent (5 years)| Equivalent (5 years)| PRICE ELEMENTS – Points of difference Parametres| TRACE GC| Cost Calculations| Varian 3800| Cost Calculations| Price| â‚ ¬ 45,000 | (â‚ ¬ 45,000. 0)| â‚ ¬ 40,000. 00 | (â‚ ¬ 40,000. 00)| Maintenance cost| â‚ ¬ 3,600 per year| (â‚ ¬ 3,600. 00)| â‚ ¬ 2,800. 00 per year| (â‚ ¬ 2,800. 00)| Maximum available working hours per day| 23 hours| | 23 hours 10 minutes| | Maximum available working hours per year| 23 hrs X 240 average working days per year = 5,520 hours = 5,520 X 60 = 3,31,200 minutes| | 23 hrs 10 minutes X 240 average working days p er year = 5,560 hours = 5560 X 60= 333,600 minutes| | Cycle/ job time | Job Time (in minutes) i) Analysis = 3. 2 m ii) Cooling = 2. m †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Total Time/job = 6. 0 m | | Job Time (in minutes) i) Analysis = 6. 2 m ii) Cooling = 3. 8 m†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Total Time/job = 10. 0 m| | Septum change time| Septum Change Time (in minutes) i) Replacement = 3. 0 m ii) Recalibration = 6. 0 m †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Total Time/ septum change = 9. 0 m| | Septum Change Time (in minutes) i) Replacement = 3. 0 m ii) Recalibration = 10. 0 m †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Total Time/ septum change = 13. 0 m| | Septa change frequency| After very 1500 jobs| | After every 200 jobs| | Minutes elapsed bef ore first septum change | Minutes elapsed before first septum change = (Septum Change Frequency X Cycle time) + Septum Change Time = (1500X6) minutes + 9 minutes = (9000 minutes + 9 minutes) = 9009 minutes | | Minutes elapsed before first septum change = (Septum Change Frequency X Cycle time) + Septum Change Time = (200X10) minutes + 13 minutes = (2000 minutes + 13 minutes) = 2013 minutes | | No of jobs per annum | No of jobs per annum = 1500 X (No of minutes of working hours available) / Minutes elapsed before first septum change = (1500 X 331,200) /9009 minutes = 55,145 jobs| | No of jobs per annum = 200 X (No of minutes of working hours available) / Minutes elapsed before first septum change = (200 X 333,600) /2013 minutes = 33,145 jobs| | Price of Septum| â‚ ¬ 1. 5| | â‚ ¬ 2. 0| | Expenditure on septum change| Expenditure on septum change = No of times septum changed X Price per septum = (Total no of jobs performed/ septum change frequency)* Price of septum = (55,145 jobs / 1500 jobs)* â‚ ¬ 1. 5 = â‚ ¬ (36. 76*1. 5) = â‚ ¬ 55. 145| | Expenditure on septum change = No of times septum changed X Price per septum = (Total no of jobs performed/ septum change frequency)* Price of septum = (33,145 jobs / 200 jobs)* â‚ ¬ 2. 0 = â‚ ¬ (165. 725*2. 0) = â‚ ¬ 331. 5| | Average Revenue per annum| Average revenue per annum = No of jobs per annum X Average revenue per job = 55,145 X â‚ ¬ 20 = â‚ ¬ 1,102,900| â‚ ¬ 1,102,900| Average revenue per annum = No of jobs per annum X Average revenue per job = 33,145 X â‚ ¬ 20 = â‚ ¬ 662,900| â‚ ¬ 662,900| Average operating profit per annum| Average operating profit per annum= No of jobs per annum X Average operating profit per job = 55,145 X â‚ ¬ 3 = â‚ ¬ 165,435| â‚ ¬ 165,435| Average operating profit per annum= No of jobs per annum X Average operating profit per job = 33,145 X â‚ ¬ 3 = â‚ ¬ 99,435| â‚ ¬ 99,435| Net Earnings per Gas Chromatograph per annum | Earnings per gas chromatograph per annum = Average operating revenue – (Price of the machine + Maintenance Cost) = â‚ ¬165,435 – (â‚ ¬ 45,000 + â‚ ¬ 3,600) = â‚ ¬ 116,835| â‚ ¬ 116,835| Earnings per gas chromatograph per annum = Average operating revenue – (Price of the machine + Maintenance Cost) = â‚ ¬ 99,435 – (â‚ ¬ 40,000 + â‚ ¬ 2,800) = â‚ ¬ 56,635| â‚ ¬ 56,635| Q2B. What is the incremental value of the proposed One-Day Emergency Response Guarantee for the Trace GC? Scenario 1: Normal Maintenance Services (Interscience offers free of charge labour) and the response given within one day Location: Contract LaboratoryDate: July 18, 2010Time: 1400 hoursMachine breaks down: at 1400 hoursResponse received: at 1400 hours on July 19, 2010Machine Hour Lost: 10 hours on July 18 and 13 hours on July 19 (deducting 1 hour that the machine is out of service everyday on an average) = 23 hours Opportunity Lost due to ONE day of breakdown = No of jobs performed in 1 day X Operating Profit per job = 230 X â‚ ¬ 3 = â‚ ¬ 690Labour Hour Lost (assuming that the co. eed to compensate the labour irrespective of machine breakdown) = 23 hours X â‚ ¬ 45 per hour = â‚ ¬ 1,035 Opportunity Lost due to repairing time = Repairing time X No of jobs lost due to repairing time = 03 hours X 9. 58 jobs = 28. 75 jobs = 28. 75 jobs X â‚ ¬ 3 = â‚ ¬ 86. 25Total Loss, less the cost of spare parts due to one day of breakdown =â‚ ¬ 690 + â‚ ¬ 1,035 + â‚ ¬ 86. 25 = â‚ ¬ 1,811. 25| Scenario 2: Normal Maintenance Services (Interscience offers free of charge labour) and the response given within two days Location: Contract LaboratoryDate: July 18, 2010Time: 1400 hoursMachine breaks down: at 1400 hoursResponse received: at 1400 hours on July 20, 2010Machine Hour Lost: 46 hours Opportunity Lost due to TWO days of breakdown = No of jobs performed in 2 days X Operating Profit per job = 460 X â‚ ¬ 3 = â‚ ¬ 1,380Labour Hour Lost (assuming that the co. eed to compensate the labour irrespective of machine breakdown) = 46 hours X â‚ ¬ 45 per hour = â‚ ¬ 2,070 Opportunity Lost due to repairing time = Repairing time X No of jobs lost due to repairing time = 03 hours X 9. 58 jobs = 28. 75 jobs = 28. 75 jobs X â‚ ¬ 3 = â‚ ¬ 86. 25Total Loss, less the cost of spare parts d ue to one day of breakdown = â‚ ¬ 1,380 + â‚ ¬ 2,070 + â‚ ¬ 86. 25 = â‚ ¬ 3,536. 25| Scenario 3: ONE-DAY EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUARANTEE (Interscience charges â‚ ¬ 125 per hour for technical service engineer’s time and cost of the repair parts and material. If the engineer fails to turn up, both labour and parts will be provided for free) Location: Contract LaboratoryDate: July 18, 2010Time: 1400 hoursMachine breaks down: at 1400 hoursResponse received: at 1400 hours on July 19, 2010Machine Hour Lost: 10 hours on July 18 and 13 hours on July 19 (deducting 1 hour that the machine is out of service everyday on an average) = 23 hours Opportunity Lost due to ONE day of breakdown = No of jobs performed in 1 day X Operating Profit per job = 230 X â‚ ¬ 3 = â‚ ¬ 690Labour Hour Lost (assuming that the co. need to compensate the labour irrespective of machine breakdown) = 23 hours X â‚ ¬ 45 per hour = â‚ ¬ 1,035 Opportunity Lost due to repairing time = Repairing time X No of jobs lost due to repairing time = 03 hours X 9. 58 jobs = 28. 75 jobs = 28. 75 jobs X â‚ ¬ 3 = â‚ ¬ 86. 5Cost of Engineers Time = 03 hours X â‚ ¬ 125 per hour = â‚ ¬ 375 per callTotal Loss, less the cost of spare parts due to one day of breakdown =â‚ ¬ 690 + â‚ ¬ 1,035 + â‚ ¬ 86. 25 + â‚ ¬ 375 = â‚ ¬ 2,186. 25| Therefore the incremental value of the proposed One-Day Emergency Response Guarantee for the Trace GC is given as under Scenarios 1 Vs 3| Cost (â‚ ¬ )| Scenario 1: Normal Maintenance Services (Interscience offers free of charge labour) and the response given within one day| 1,811. 25| Scenario 3: ONE-DAY EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUARANTEE (Interscience charges â‚ ¬ 125 per hour for technical service engineer’s time and cost of the repair parts and material. If the engineer fails to turn up, both labour and parts will be provided for free)| 2,186. 25| Incremental Value| -375. 00| | Scenarios 2 Vs 3| Cost (â‚ ¬ )| Scenario 2: Normal Maintenance Services (Interscience offers free of charge labour) and the response given within two days| 3,536. 25| Scenario 3: ONE-DAY EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUARANTEE (Interscience charges â‚ ¬ 125 per hour for technical service engineer’s time and cost of the repair parts and material. If the engineer fails to turn up, both labour and parts will be provided for free)| 2,186. 25| Incremental Value| 1,350. 00| Question 3: Which Market should Interscience target and what should its positioning of the Trace GC be? What, specifically, is the value proposition for the Trace GC in the selected market? Answer 3: As per the discussion above and the facts presented and analyzed in answer 1 and 2, we would recommend Trace GC for Contracts Laboratory Market after removing few of the value added services like Customization, Education and training, consulting which are not required in the Contracts lab markets. Though as per the calculations given above we can see that Net Earning per Gas Chromatograph per annum is â‚ ¬116,835 which is 100% more than Varian 3800 (â‚ ¬ 56,635). If we calculate Cycle Time (Per Job) it takes 4 minutes less than Varian 3800 and Trace GC additionally performs 22000 job per annum which adds up to additional revenue of â‚ ¬ 66000. Further, to add up we can see productivity efficiency of Trace GC is 4 minutes higher than Varian 3800 which will decrease the cost of ownership by 4 min / 60 X â‚ ¬ 45 = â‚ ¬ 3 per hour (technical person’s wage per hr). Trace GC could be positioned as Highly Efficient Gas Chromatographs for contract laboratories and one day emergency response guarantee and urgent repair services could be provided on additional charges. For Germany, RD market there challenges are already specified in answer 1 but at the same time we see high product efficiency and value price proposition in contract laboratory market so it is recommended that Trace GC should be positioned in Benelux market.